Commercial lending is the provision of debt financing by financial institutions to businesses for operational needs, capital expenditures, or other corporate purposes. As an academic concept and research field, it investigates the processes, structures, and outcomes associated with this form of financial intermediation, encompassing areas such as credit risk analysis, loan origination and management, regulatory compliance, market dynamics, and the impact of credit availability on firm behavior and economic growth. Its significance lies in its fundamental role in capital allocation, facilitating business investment, influencing financial stability, and acting as a key channel for economic policy.